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Dalam era globalisasi saat ini, jasa pengangkutan udara sangat diperlukan bagi para pelaku bisnis. Kecepatan, keamanan, dan daya jangkau pengiriman menjadikan bisnis ini menjadi instrumen terpenting dalam memenuhi permintaan akan barang, bahan baku, makanan, sayuran, buah-buahan dan hasil laut dalam keadaan segar maupun beku, dan juga berbagai produk industri lainnya dengan kualitas prima. Pertumbuhan bisnis jasa kargo udara dari mulai dari impor, ekspor, port-to-port serta door-to-door berlangsung sangat cepat. Saat ini ada kurang lebih 35 maskapai penerbangan baik maskapai berjadwal reguler maupun maskapai charter yang membuka jalur di Indonesia. Sementara masyarakat di daerah-daerah pelosok membutuhkan pasokan baik berupa barang kebutuhan sehari-hari yang tidak dapat diproduksi di tempat tersebut maupun sarana untuk menjual barang–barang yang dihasilkan oleh daerah tersebut. Ini adalah bidang usaha yang memiliki masa depan cerah dan amat menggiurkan.

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia

Pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia menurut Bappenas dipicu oleh konsumsi domestik dan investasi asing (foreign direct investment). Maka dari itu walaupun ekspor berkurang namun impor dan pergerakan barang dalam negeri bertumbuh dengan pesat. Konsumsi domestik untuk barang jadi dan elektronik bergerak dengan cepat di dalam negeri. Sementara dari FDI terdapat dampak pembangunan proyek/pabrik baru dimana dibutuhkan pergerakan barang dan alat produksi. Berdasarkan analisa awal tersebut pergerakan kargo domestik akan tumbuh dengan pesat dan hal tersebut merupakan peluang bagi bisnis kargo udara. Dari sisi lapangan usaha, 9 sektor lapangan usaha mencatat pertumbuhan positif pada tahun 2012. Di tahun 2012, sektor Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi mencatat pertumbuhan tertinggi sebesar 9,98% diikuti sektor Perdagangan, Hotel, dan Restoran yang tumbuh sebesar 8,11%, serta sektor Konstruksi sebesar 7,50%. Adapun pertumbuhan terendah dialami oleh sektor Pertambangan dan Penggalian, tumbuh sebesar 1,49% di tahun 2012. Hal ini disebabkan oleh turunnya harga komoditas pertambangan. Sementara itu, di kuartal IV 2012, pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia ditopang oleh seluruh sektor. Namun, pertumbuhan paling kecil dialami oleh sektor Pertambangan dan Penggalian, tercatat sebesar 0,48%. Di kuartal IV 2012, terdapat 6 sektor yang memiliki pertumbuhan melebihi angka pertumbuhan PDB yang tumbuh sebesar 6,11% seperti sektor Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi yang tumbuh 9,63%, sektor Perdagangan, Hotel dan Restoran tumbuh 7,80%, sektor Konstruksi dan Pengolahan tumbuh sebesar 7,79%, sektor Keuangan, Real Estat dan Jasa Perusahaan tumbuh 7,66%, serta sektor Listrik, Gas dan Air  Bersih tumbuh sebesar 7,25%. (Sumber data: BPS, Bappenas dan UGM)

Mengacu pada data dari Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM), investasi dari Januari hingga Desember 2012 misalnya, di daerah luar Jawa meningkat sebesar 137,6 trilyun rupiah naik 43,9% dibandingkan tahun 2011. Untuk lebih fokus pada pengembangan potensi dari masing-masing daerah yang berbeda satu dengan yang lain, maka Pemerintah telah menetapkan 6 Koridor pengembangan ekonomi Indonesia yaitu: Koridor Sumatera, Koridor Jawa, Koridor Bali – Nusa Tenggara, Koridor Kalimantan, Koridor Sulawesi dan Koridor Papua – Kep Maluku.

Indonesia yang secara geografis berbentuk kepulauan membawa dampak pada terpisahnya sentra-sentra produksi dan industri di berbagai wilayah Nusantara. Hal ini ditambah pula dengan infrastruktur pendukung untuk sektor transportasi yang masih sangat kurang memadai terutama di luar pulau Jawa, sehingga arus komoditi barang khususnya di pelosok-pelosok menjadi terhambat. Konsekuensi bagi dunia usaha di Indonesia adalah pada biaya logistik yang otomatis menjadi tinggi. Biaya logistik di Indonesia mencapai 25-30 % dari PDB.

Pengembangan Jasa Logistik di Indonesia

Berdasarkan Logistics Performance Index dari World Bank tahun 2012 Indonesia hanya menempati urutan 59 dari 155 negara. Komponen yang menjadi indikator penting dalam penilaian Logistics Performance Index adalah:

  • Timeliness of deliveries
  • Ability to track and trace consignments
  • Quality and competence of logistic services
  • Ease of arrangement shipments
  • Infrastructure quality
  • Efficiency of customs clearance

Melihat komponen-komponen tersebut agaknya masih banyak pekerjaan rumah yang harus menjadi perhatian baik dari sisi pemerintah maupun dari para pelaku bisnis. Berdasarkan riset yang dilakukan Frost & Sullivan terdapat beberapa faktor yang menjadi pendorong dan juga beberapa faktor yang menjadi penghambat dalam pasar transportasi dan logistik Indonesia (Kemenko Perekonomian). Faktor-faktor pendorong termasuk:

  • Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang didorong konsumsi domestic
  • Pertumbuhan permintaan komoditas-komoditas yang penting bagi Indonesia
  • Implementasi cabotage
  • Arus modal masuk ke Indonesia

Sementara faktor-faktor penghambat termasuk:

  • Lambatnya penyelesaian masalah infrastruktur
  • Sulitnya mengelola pasar yang tersebar luas
  • Kesediaan sumber daya manusia yang profesional dalam bidang logistic
  • Rendahnya tingkat kerjasama pemerintah-swasta

Melalui Perpres no 26 tahun 2012 pemerintah sudah mempersiapkan cetak biru untuk Sistem Logistik Nasional (SISLOGNAS) dimana jasa pengangkutan udara menjadi salah satu bagian penting di dalamnya. Untuk menunjang pelaksanaan dari SISLOGNAS ini ada 2 hal besar yang akan dilakukan pemerintah (Tim Kerja Pengembangan SISLOGNAS):

  1. Peningkatan kemampuan Penyedia Jasa Logistik Nasional
    • Pelaku usaha lebih berperan aktif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penyedia jasa logistik
    • Revitalisasi dan peningkatan sinergi BUMN Logistik
    • Kolaborasi usaha jasa logistik nasional
    • Memperkuat network di area tertentu dan nationwide
    • Fokus pada niche market tertentu
  2. Peningkatan kompetensi Sumber Daya Manusia di bidang logistik
    • Penyelenggaraan program studi logistik dan Logistic Community College
    • Penyusunan dan kesepakatan bersama seluruh asosiasi dan profesi di bidang logistik mengenai Standar Kompetensi Kerja Nasional Indonesia (SKKNI) Logistik
    • Pembentukan Lembaga Sertifikasi Profesi ( LSP ) dab Badan Akreditasi Logistik Nasional
    • Sinergi dan kolaborasi Pemerintah-Akademisi-Pengusaha-Asosiasi untuk mengembangkan program vocational dan pelatihan sertifikasi profesi logistik nasional , level operasional, managerial dan strategic ( Executive)

Kargo udara di Indonesia antara harapan dan kenyataan

Untuk jasa kargo udara di Indonesia secara formal pemerintah sudah mengatur melalui instrumen sebagai berikut :

  • Peraturan Menteri No 77 Tahun 2011 Tentang Tanggung Jawab Pengangkut Angkutan Udara khususnya Pasal 7, Pasal 8 dan Pasal 22
  • KM 16 Tahun 2009 Tentang Peraturan Keselamatan Penerbangan Sipil Bagian 92 (Civil Aviation Safety Regulations Part 92) Tentang Pengangkutan Bahan Dan/Atau Barang Berbahaya Dengan Pesawat Udara (Safe Transports of Dangerous Goods by Air)
  • SKEP 47 /IV/2010 Tentang Petunjuk Teknis Pemeriksaan Kargo Udara Dan Pos Yang Diangkut Dengan Pesawat Udara Sipil Dan Tata Cara Pemberian Sertifikat Sebagai Regulated Agent
  • Peraturan Dirjen Perhubungan Udara No KP 152 Tahun 2012 Tentang Pengamanan Kargo Dan Pos Yang Diangkut Dengan Pesawat Udara
  • CASR Part 135 Certification And Operating Requirements For Commuter And Charter Air Carriers

Ini semua secara tidak langsung menunjukkan bahwa jasa kargo udara ditempatkan sebagai bagian yang penting dalam industri penerbangan Indonesia. Secara komersial pasar bagi bisnis layanan kargo udara di Indonesia cukup potensial dan bagus. Yang menjadi masalah adalah sebagian besar kargo diangkut oleh pesawat penumpang. Hal ini berdampak pada kargo udara hanya menjadi prioritas kedua setelah penumpang serta bagasi terangkut oleh pesawat tersebut. Selain itu sistem yang digunakan, yaitu masih berbasis kertas (paper-based system), sangat memungkinkan terjadinya kebocoran administrasi dan tambahan biaya ilegal (Lena Herliana & David Parsons). Solusinya adalah dengan penerapan sistem E-Cargo yang bisa membantu untuk membuat jasa kargo udara lebih tertata dan termonitor secara efektif. Di lapangan juga masih ada permasalahan pada SDM yang menangani kargo udara serta infrastruktur yang digunakan. Secara obyektif sampai saat ini bisa dikatakan hanya maskapai Garuda Indonesia yang memiliki SDM serta Infrastruktur sesuai ketentuan, rapi, serta memadai dalam menjalankan layanan kargo udara. Padahal jika layanan kargo udara ini dikelola secara lebih serius dan lebih professional maka akan bisa menghasilkan pemasukan yang cukup signifikan. Terlebih bagi maskapai-maskapai Low Cost Carrier, cargo udara dapat menjadi tambahan pemasukan yang sangat menguntungkan dan subsidi silang dengan murahnya harga tiket penumpang. Namun pada akhirnya semua kembali lagi berpulang pada para operator maskapai penerbangan di Indonesia terutama yang swasta, apakah mau memanfaatkan peluang yang terbuka begitu lebar dengan secara sungguh-sungguh menggarap layanan kargo udara tersebut, berani berinvestasi secara SDM serta infrastruktur, atau hanya saling menunggu saja satu sama lain sampai pemain asing masuk mengambil alih peluang tersebut.

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