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Dengan bertumbuhnya maskapai penerbangan dengan layanan minimal (low cost carriers atau LCC) di Indonesia, diperlukan penjelasan bagi publik mengenai manajemen LCC-LCC tersebut dan apa yang menjadi hak bagi konsumen. Hal ini menjadi penting, karena dari 17 maskapai penerbangan berjadwal yang terdaftar di Kementerian Perhubungan, 14 diantaranya dinyatakan sebagai maskapai dengan pelayanan minimal.

Kategori LCC didasarkan pada Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Perhubungan Udara No. SKEP-87-V-2010 tentang Kelompok Pelayanan Jasa Angkutan Udara. Berdasarkan peraturan tersebut karakteristik pelayanan LCC antara lain adalah: tak ada layanan bagasi, jarak antar kursi 29 inci, tidak ada hiburan dalam pesawat, dan tidak ada pelayanan makanan dan minuman. Bagaimanakah sebenarnya penerapan sistem LCC tersebut pada industri penerbangan di Indonesia ?

Karakteristik umum maskapai LCC

Sebelum secara lebih mendalam berbicara mengenai manajemen maskapai penerbangan LCC di Indonesia, perlu kiranya dipahami mengenai sistem LCC itu sendiri. Secara umum maskapai LCC memiliki tujuan yang sama dengan bisnis lainnya, yaitu mengurangi biaya sebanyak mungkin dan meningkatkan keuntungan sebesar mungkin. Namun, pengurangan biaya dan peningkatan keuntungan ini dilakukan di semua komponen biaya dan pendapatan (Stephen Shaw, 2007).

Pertama, maskapai dapat mengurangi biaya operasional pesawat, antara lain dengan hal-hal berikut: i) penggunaan satu tipe pesawat (biasanya lini produk Airbus A320 atau Boeing 737) untuk mengurangi biaya pelatihan dan perawatan; ii) pembatasan peralatan opsional dalam pesawat untuk mengurangi biaya pembelian dan perawatan, serta mengurangi bobot pesawat untuk mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar; iii) waktu putar (turnaround time) yang cepat untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan pesawat; iv) program lindung nilai bahan bakar, untuk mengurangi resiko perubahan harga bahan bakar.

Kedua, maskapapi dapat mengurangi biaya operasional penerbangan, dengan hal-hal berikut: i) penggunaan bandara-bandara sekunder yang lebih murah dan tidak ramai, atau melakukan penerbangan di waktu-waktu yang kurang ramai dan dengan biaya pendaratan yang lebih murah, yaitu pada pagi subuh atau pada malam hari; ii) penyederhanaan rute, dengan fokus pada penerbangan langsung point-to-point daripada sistem transfer melalui hubs; iii) penggunaan karyawan untuk merangkap beberapa peran, seperti pramugari yang merangkap untuk membersihkan kabin, dan staf check-in yang juga merangkap sebagai gate agents; iv) penggunaan tangga, yang lebih murah daripada garbarata, untuk naik pesawat.

Selain itu, di tingkat penumpang, selain mengurangi biaya layanan, maskapai dapat pula meningkatkan pendapatan dengan beberapa cara: i) skema harga tiket yang sederhana, termasuk dengan pemberian harga yang lebih murah untuk pembelian di jauh hari; ii) penjualan tiket langsung lewat internet untuk mengurangi biaya dan komisi untuk agen perjalanan; iii) penyediaan hanya satu kelas penumpang dengan alokasi tempat duduk tanpa reservasi atau dengan tambahan biaya; iv) tidak disediakannya sistem hiburan dalam pesawat; v) penciptaan pendapatan dari layanan tambahan, seperti layanan makanan dan minuman, tambahan bagasi, tambahan tas kabin, dan urutan naik pesawat prioritas; vi) tidak adanya pengembalian uang atau perpindahan pesawat jika penumpang ketinggalan pesawat, untuk mempercepat tinggal landas.

Dalam penerapannya secara bisnis, tidak semua komponen penghematan tersebut dapat dilakukan LCC. Hal ini disebabkan karena karakter pasar penerbangan dan infrastruktur tiap negara (maupun tiap bandara) juga berbeda.

Penerapan model bisnis LCC di negara lain

Terlepas dari kendala-kendala yang berbeda, maskapai LCC dapat menerapkan strategi bisnis yang disesuaikan dengan pasar masing-masing. Pertama, ada yang memaksimalkan rotasi. Hal ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan satu pesawat untuk satu rute secara rutin pulang-pergi. Model ini diterapkan oleh Southwest Airlines sebagai bagian dari Canvas Strategy-nya (Kim dan Moubergne, 2005). Strategi tersebut menyatakan bahwa dalam menjalankan bisnisnya Southwest Airlines hanya berfokus pada tiga hal yaitu: pelayanan yang ramah, kecepatan, dan keberangkatan point-to-point secara berkala. Southwest Airlines merupakan maskapai AS terbesar keempat dalam hal pengangkutan penumpang dan kedua terbesar dalam hal keberangkatan penerbangan domestic.

Kedua, ada yang melakukan penghematan biaya bandara secara besar-besaran dengan menggunakan bandara sekunder sebagai tempat lepas landas pesawat. Model ini diterapkan oleh Ryan Air sebagai  bagian dari Cost Efficiency Strategy(shiftindonesia.com, 2013). Strategi tersebut dengan ketat mengontrol empat biaya utama yang harus dipenuhi sebuah perusahaan penerbangan pada umumnya: biaya peralatan pesawat, biaya pelayanan konsumen, biaya akses bandara dan handling, serta biaya pemasaran dan promosi, selain peningkatan produktifitas dan efektifitas karyawan. Saat ini Ryan Air, yang berbasis di Dublin, Irladia, telah tumbuh sebagai salah satu makapai terbesar di Eropa. Baru-baru ini, strategi penghematan baru diterapkan oleh RyanAir, yaitu dengan mengurangi beban pesawat di udara sehingga akan menghemat pemakaian bahan bakar. Caranya cukup kontroversial, yaitu meminta para kru pesawat tetap ramping dan tidak kelebihan berat badan. Selain itu, mereka juga menukar troli dan kursi dengan jenis yang lebih ringan. Usaha penghematan lainnya adalah memperkecil ukuran majalah dan menu dari A4 menjadi A5, dan mengurangi jumlah es yang digunakan di pesawat.

Ketiga, ada maskapai yang memaksimalkan seasonal smoothing, atau meratakan tingkat penerbangan antar masa high-season dan low-season. Hal ini dilakukan dengan memberikan diskon spesial pada saat low season dan diskon khusus untuk pembelian di muka untuk masa high season. Model ini diterapkan oleh Air Asia dan easyJet sebagai bagian dari strategi harga diskon. Diskon dapat diberikan dalam bentuk diskon kuantitas, diskon pembayaran tunai, maupun trade discount (Kotler & Amstrong, 2008). EasyJet, yang berbasis di Luton, Inggris, merupakan maskapai bertarif rendah terbesar di Eropa, yang mengoperasikan penerbangan domestik dan internasional dengan 307 rute yang menghubungkan 80 kota di Eropa. Air Asia adalah maskapai Asia yang berbasis di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, dengan sekitar 100 tujuan di lebih dari 15 negara, dilayani oleh berbagai maskapai dan anak perusahaan yang menggunakan nama merek perusahaan tersebut.

Penerapan sistem LCC di Indonesia

Di Indonesia, maskapai LCC menemui sejumlah kendala unik yang disebabkan oleh karakter geografis, infrastruktur, dan pasar penerbangan Indonesia. Hal-hal ini menyebabkan strategi pengurangan biaya LCC tidak dapat dilakukan secara maksimal.

Pertama, maskapai LCC menghadapi rute-rute domestik yang berjauhan atau tersebar luas. Jarak tempuh beberapa kota di wilayah bagian barat ke kota di wilayah bagian timur dapat mencapai lebih dari 2 jam penerbangan. Ini akan berpengaruh pada rotasi pesawat dan biaya bahan bakar yang mahal.

Kedua, ada keterbatasan bandara sekunder, dimana hampir seluruh kota besar di Indonesia hanya memiliki satu bandara. Dan jika ada bandara alternatif, secara teknis dan operasional masih kurang memadai. Bandara-bandara alternatif di Indonesia biasanya dimiliki oleh TNI-AU atau oleh Pertamina, dimana penggunaannya membutuhkan ijin khusus dari Pemerintah.

Ketiga, kurangnya dukungan dari pemerintah daerah, dimana banyak Pemda di Indonesia masih setengah hati dalam memberikan dukungan bagi airlines yang mau beroperasi ke daerahnya. Masih sering terjadi beberapa kasus dimana oknum bahkan mempersulit proses administrasi jika tanpa “sumbangan “ tertentu.

Keempat, layanan internet yang masih belum stabil di beberapa wilayah menghambat proses pemasaran dan penjualan tiket LCC. Karena hal ini, penumpang terpaksa menggunakan jasa agen perjalanan, sehingga terkena biaya tambahan.

Kelima, infrastruktur penunjang belum memadai di beberapa wilayah. Sebagai contoh, beberapa bandara memiliki waktu operasi yang singkat dan prasarana angkutan darat dari airport menuju kota juga masih minim dengan biaya tinggi.

Selain itu, beberapa maskapai penerbangan dalam mengadopsi sistem LCC masih terkesan setengah-setengah. Sebagai contoh, Lion Air masih mempergunakan jenis pesawat yang beragam baik tipe maupun manufaktur (Boeing dan Airbus), dan jasa agen perjalanan untuk pemasarannya. Secara sistem, hanya Indonesia Air Asia yang bisa dikatakan secara konsisten menerapkan konsep layanan LCC dalam kegiatan operasionalnya.

Perlu juga digaris-bawahi bahwa konsep LCC bukan berarti mengorbankan masalah keselamatan. Ada kekhawatiran bahwa maskapai penerbangan mengurangi standar keselamatan sebagai bentuk penghematan untuk dapat menekan harga. Kasus Adam Air menjadi sebuah contoh tragis yang tidak boleh terulang lagi. Pemerintah melalui Peraturan Menteri No 91/2014 mengamanatkan bahwa semua jenis maskapai – dari full service sampai LCC – tidak boleh memberikan harga di bawah 40% dari batas atas. Hal ini ditujukan agar maskapai tetap memiliki kemampuan finansial yang mencukupi untuk selalu menjaga standar keselamatan mereka.

Namun sebenarnya pokok permasalahannya bukan di harga tiket yang murah melainkan pada pengawasan rutin dan tegas yang harus dilakukan para inspektur dari Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara. Evaluasi yang menyeluruh, pemberian sanksi tanpa kompromi pada setiap pelanggaran dan pembinaan terus menerus menjadi ujung tombak dari komitmen penegakan peraturan keselamatan penerbangan. Jadi selama maskapai penerbangan LCC tersebut terbukti dapat menjaga komitmen mereka terhadap safety dan service sesuai peraturan kepada penumpang, maka pemerintah tidak perlu terlalu repot mengatur segi bisnisnya. Biarkan masyarakat calon penumpang yang memilih sendiri berdasarkan penilaian masing-masing, maskapai mana yang layak untuk digunakan dan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan mereka.

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  495. 威尔刚（viagra，台湾名：威而钢）是由美国辉瑞研制开发的一种口服治疗ED的药物。用于治疗勃起功能障碍以及早泄，对于勃起功能减退与早泄有非常显著的改善–威而鋼

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  502. 本站針對犀利士效果，犀利士評價，犀利士副作用問題等，進行全盤解析。犀利士?作為男性壯陽保健的首選保健食品，受美國食藥管理局核可，具有顯著延長男性-犀利士

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  507. 威而鋼拯救男人前的秘密故事. 2018/09/06 編輯/. 20年前，威而鋼問世，拯救了許多男人的性生活（以及他們的性伴侶）。然而，在威而剛攻佔男人們的床頭櫃-威而鋼

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  508. 基本上，藍色的威而鋼是有口皆碑的老藥，而黃色的犀利士則是藥效持久，至於樂威壯因使用劑量較低引起的副作用較少，為了台灣一年銷售額可望達數十億的市場-犀利士

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  509. 基本上，藍色的威而鋼是有口皆碑的老藥，而黃色的犀利士則是藥效持久，至於樂威壯因使用劑量較低引起的副作用較少，為了台灣一年銷售額可望達數十億的市場-犀利士

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  510. Howdy! This is my first comment here so I just wanted to give a quick shout out and say I really enjoy reading through your blog posts. Can you recommend any other blogs/websites/forums that cover the same subjects? Thanks a lot!|

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  512. 必利勁（英文名：Priligy 化學名：鹽酸達泊西汀）是目前唯一針對早洩（PE）研發的藥物，也是唯一獲得國家食品藥品監督管理局（CEDA）批準的早洩-必利勁

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  513. 基本上，藍色的威而鋼是有口皆碑的老藥，而黃色的犀利士則是藥效持久，至於樂威壯因使用劑量較低引起的副作用較少，為了台灣一年銷售額可望達數十億的市場-犀利士

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  514. 犀利士又名他拉那非（英文名：cialisr、chinacialisr），是世界三大品牌壯陽藥–?美國禮來製藥廠出品，它的藥效長達三十六小時，威而鋼齊名，是性功能障礙的首選,犀利士

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  517. 西地那非（英語：Sildenafil），又譯昔多芬，是一種研發治療心血管疾病藥物時意外發明出的治療男性勃起功能障礙藥物。為管制藥品，需醫生診斷後才可開立服用。必利勁

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  518. 威尔刚（viagra，台湾名：威而钢）是由美国辉瑞研制开发的一种口服治疗ED的药物。用于治疗勃起功能障碍以及早泄，对于勃起功能减退与早泄有非常显著的改善–威而鋼

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  519. 如果你連勃起也沒有辦法，吃威而鋼也沒用！許藍方說明，男性勃起需要接受性刺激，像是A片、A書等讓人產生性慾的內容，此時大腦會釋放–威而鋼

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  528. 日本藤素成份中含有赤根草，味辛甘性溫，走肝腎二經，為補命門、益精氣，而赤根草是可以啟動身體活力，激活睪丸酮，可以有效修復自身受損細胞日本藤素

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  529. 本站針對犀利士效果，犀利士評價，犀利士副作用問題等，進行全盤解析。犀利士?作為男性壯陽保健的首選保健食品，受美國食藥管理局核可，具有顯著延長男性-犀利士

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  530. 本站針對犀利士效果，犀利士評價，犀利士副作用問題等，進行全盤解析。犀利士?作為男性壯陽保健的首選保健食品，受美國食藥管理局核可，具有顯著延長男性-犀利士

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  531. 西地那非（英語：Sildenafil），又譯昔多芬，是一種研發治療心血管疾病藥物時意外發明出的治療男性勃起功能障礙藥物。為管制藥品，需醫生診斷後才可開立服用。必利勁

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  532. 基本上，藍色的威而鋼是有口皆碑的老藥，而黃色的犀利士則是藥效持久，至於樂威壯因使用劑量較低引起的副作用較少，為了台灣一年銷售額可望達數十億的市場-犀利士

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  533. 西地那非（英語：Sildenafil），又譯昔多芬，是一種研發治療心血管疾病藥物時意外發明出的治療男性勃起功能障礙藥物。為管制藥品，需醫生診斷後才可開立服用。必利勁

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  534. 本站針對犀利士效果，犀利士評價，犀利士副作用問題等，進行全盤解析。犀利士?作為男性壯陽保健的首選保健食品，受美國食藥管理局核可，具有顯著延長男性-犀利士

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  537. 性刺激是威而鋼發揮藥效的必要條件，性刺激越強藥效越佳。 情緒、疲勞、焦慮與伴侶的配合會影響男性的性反應，也同樣會影響威而鋼作用–威而鋼

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  538. 威尔刚（viagra，台湾名：威而钢）是由美国辉瑞研制开发的一种口服治疗ED的药物。用于治疗勃起功能障碍以及早泄，对于勃起功能减退与早泄有非常显著的改善–威而鋼

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  539. 威而鋼拯救男人前的秘密故事. 2018/09/06 編輯/. 20年前，威而鋼問世，拯救了許多男人的性生活（以及他們的性伴侶）。然而，在威而剛攻佔男人們的床頭櫃-威而鋼

    Reply

  540. 威而鋼拯救男人前的秘密故事. 2018/09/06 編輯/. 20年前，威而鋼問世，拯救了許多男人的性生活（以及他們的性伴侶）。然而，在威而剛攻佔男人們的床頭櫃-威而鋼

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  542. Hello! I realize this is somewhat off-topic but I needed to ask.
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  543. 本站針對犀利士效果，犀利士評價，犀利士副作用問題等，進行全盤解析。犀利士?作為男性壯陽保健的首選保健食品，受美國食藥管理局核可，具有顯著延長男性-犀利士

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  545. 本站針對犀利士效果，犀利士評價，犀利士副作用問題等，進行全盤解析。犀利士?作為男性壯陽保健的首選保健食品，受美國食藥管理局核可，具有顯著延長男性-犀利士

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  546. 許藍方提醒男性朋友，除了威而鋼之外，像是犀利士、威樂壯等藥物都是處方藥，?因此務必由醫師開立後經指示服用，千萬不能拿別人的藥隨便-犀利士

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  547. 許藍方提醒男性朋友，除了威而鋼之外，像是犀利士、威樂壯等藥物都是處方藥，?因此務必由醫師開立後經指示服用，千萬不能拿別人的藥隨便-犀利士

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  548. 西地那非（英語：Sildenafil），又譯昔多芬，是一種研發治療心血管疾病藥物時意外發明出的治療男性勃起功能障礙藥物。為管制藥品，需醫生診斷後才可開立服用。必利勁

    Reply

  549. 威而鋼真實心得體驗ptt 威而鋼效果真的很屌，就怕女友試了回不去. 台灣老司機藥局2020-06-16. 近期在ptt板塊中看到很多鄉民在說威而鋼效果很屌. 所以我也來發文-威而鋼

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  551. 本站針對犀利士效果，犀利士評價，犀利士副作用問題等，進行全盤解析。犀利士?作為男性壯陽保健的首選保健食品，受美國食藥管理局核可，具有顯著延長男性-犀利士

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